Biological role of copper

A biological role of copper was first identified in animal in the early decades of the twentieth century, when a form of anemia in cattle grazing on pastures with a low soil copper level was found to be due to deficiency of the element.

The human body normally contains copper at a level of about 1.4 to 2.1 mg for each kg of body weight. The interest on copper metabolism in humans started in the late 1920s, when the role of copper in hemoglobin synthesis was revealed.

Copper is essential for preproduction, regulation of gene expression and for normal growth and development.

Several enzymes utilize the ability of copper to cycle between the Cu (II) and Cu (I) states. They play roles in oxidation/reduction reactions, using molecular oxygen as a co-substrate.

Copper is found in a variety of enzymes, including the copper centers of cytochrome c oxidase and the enzyme superoxide dismutase which containing copper and also zinc.

Copper is also needed for healthy nerves and joints. One of the early signs of copper deficiency is osteoporosis.

Copper is essential for the formation of collagen, one of the fundamental proteins making up bones, skin and connective tissue.

Copper also used for biological electron transport. The blue copper proteins that participate in electron transport include azurin and plastocyanin.
Biological role of copper